The Great Church of Christ emerged in
the area around ancient Byzantium in Asia Minor in the first century of
Christianity. Tradition holds that the Apostle Andrew, the first-called
disciple of Jesus Christ, ordained the city’s first bishop, as well as
bishops in the cities of Nicaea, Chalcedon and Herakleia, also in the
region.
The Bishop of Byzantium became Archbishop of Constantinople-New Rome sometime after 330 A.D. when the Emperor Constantine transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople – the “New Rome”. Constantine had convened the First Ecumenical Council in Nicaea in 325 A.D., which became the first of seven Ecumenical Councils that would be held under the jurisdiction of the emergent Church of Constantinople and establish the defining Nicaean Creed and the constitutional framework of Christianity accepted today.
The Bishop of Byzantium became Archbishop of Constantinople-New Rome sometime after 330 A.D. when the Emperor Constantine transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople – the “New Rome”. Constantine had convened the First Ecumenical Council in Nicaea in 325 A.D., which became the first of seven Ecumenical Councils that would be held under the jurisdiction of the emergent Church of Constantinople and establish the defining Nicaean Creed and the constitutional framework of Christianity accepted today.
The role of the Archbishop of
Constantinople and New Rome as Ecumenical Patriarch was further defined
in the canons of the Second and Fourth Ecumenical Councils of the
undivided Christian Church, held in 381 in Constantinople and in 451 in
Chalcedon, respectively. The two Ecumenical Councils recognized the See
of Constantinople as a Patriarchate and as the first See of the East.
The precise title “Ecumenical Patriarch” or “world-wide father” was
formally accorded to the Archbishop of Constantinople by a synod
convened in Constantinople in 587 A.D.
II. Establishment of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
When
the Great Schism occurred in the Christian Church in 1054, polarizing
the Church into Eastern and Western entities, the Ecumenical
Patriarchate emerged as the world center of the Eastern – or, more
appropriately, Orthodox (“right worship” in Greek) Church, referring to
its guardianship of the unchanged essential tenets and practices of
undivided Christianity. The Ecumenical Patriarch in Constantinople was
recognized by other Orthodox hierarchs as primus inter pares – “first
among equals”.
Today, the
Ecumenical Patriarchate (in modern-day Istanbul, Turkey) continues to
occupy the first place of honor among al the world’s Orthodox Christian
Churches. His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew serves as
the spiritual leader and representative worldwide voice of some 300
million Orthodox Christians throughout the world. The spread of the
Orthodox Church has made the historical distinctions of East and West
irrelevant.
The Ecumenical Patriarch has the
historical, canonical and theological responsibility to initiate and
coordinate actions among all Orthodox Churches, whether under his
jurisdiction, independent or autonomous. This includes assembling and
convening councils, facilitating inter-Church and inter-faith dialogue
and addressing the issues of the day.
III. The Ecumenical Patriarch as Spokesman for Martyrdom and Persecution
Ecumenical
Patriarch, His All Holiness Bartholomew, is the voice for the
long-suffering Orthodox Christian Church, which has survived some of the
most severe religious persecutions the world has witnessed during the
past 100 years and among the most unprecedented in Christianity’s
2,000-year history.
Beginning with the twentieth
century’s first decades, entire Orthodox Christian populations
throughout Southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and Crete were extinguished.
Hundreds of bishops, tens of thousands of priests, monks and nuns, and
millions of other Orthodox faithful were executed or condemned to slow
death in the gulag of Siberia. In addition, World War II brought the
genocide of 700,000 Serbian Orthodox by the Nazis and their surrogates.
Thousands of Orthodox Christians wearing blue armbands marked with a “P”
(for “Pravoslavni” or “Orthodox”) were marched to the death camps side
by side with their Jewish neighbors.
After World War II, the Iron
Curtain descended upon the Orthodox Church, which continued to be the
target of a systematic campaign of repression, destruction and death
that encompassed Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and, for a time, even
Greece.
IV. The Ecumenical Patriarch as Spokesman for Peace and Reconciliation
The
Ecumenical Patriarchate sits at the crossroads of East and West
offering it a unique perspective on the world’s religions and cultures.
Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew has fostered dialogue amongst
Christianity, Islam and Judaism and has reached out to the Far East. In
1996 he made the first-ever visit of an Ecumenical Patriarch to Hong
Kong and established an Orthodox Archdiocese there, the first ever
official presence in China since World War II.
With the Vlatadon Initiative, he
has made a valuable contribution to reconciliation and peace among the
Balkan peoples, as in the case of Bosnia, and with the Serbian Orthodox
Church’s Patriarch Pavle, worked to advance cooperation among Catholic,
Muslim and Orthodox communities in the former Yugoslavia. He cosponsored
the Peace and Tolerance Conference in Istanbul in 1994 bringing
together Christians, Muslims and Jews. In following up on an even
earlier inter-faith conference in Berne, Switzerland, the conference
issues The Bosphorus Declaration, which reiterated, “A crime committed
in the name of religion is a crime against religion.” He followed these
initiatives with action in the ensuing years, traveling to Bahrain in
September 2000 to further promote dialogue.
Since the tragedy of September
11, His All Holiness Bartholomew, has traveled tirelessly, addressing
the specter of international terrorism and fostering inter-faith
communication and action. At the end of December of 2001, he co-chaired a
major inter-faith meeting with the President of the European
Commission, Romano Prodi, on “The Peace of God in the World” in
Brussels, which drew major religious leaders from Christianity, Islam
and Judaism. The conferees signed The Brussels Declaration, which, among
other things, stated, “It is the responsibility of religious leaders to
prevent religious fervor from being used for purposes that are alien to
its role.” Furthermore, it condemned violence, terrorism or ill
treatment of human beings as having no religious justification and
contrary to the spirit of peace and justice.
On January 12th of 2001, His All
Holiness went to Iran and addressed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on
“The Contribution of Religion to the Establishment of Peace in the
Contemporary World.”
V. The Ecumenical Patriarch as Spokesman for Environmental Concerns
His
All Holiness Bartholomew has become so steadfast and persistent a voice
concerned with the environmental conference, that he has been called
the “Green Patriarch”. In 1994, he convened The Environment and
Religious Education Seminar at Halki in Istanbul, the site of the closed
Patriarchal Theological School.
Since 1995, he convened seven
symposia to study the fate of waters, which cover seven-tenths of the
earth’s surface, brining together scientists, environmentalists,
policy-makers and religious leaders and drawing world attention to the
degradation of the Aegean Sea, the Black Sea, the Danube River, the
Adriatic Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Amazon River and the Arctic. In 1997,
he also convened The Environment and Ethics Seminar, also on Halki, and
an Environment Symposium in Santa Barbara, California.
In 2000, Scenic Hudson honored
the Ecumenical Patriarch with the International Visionary Award for
Environmental Achievement at ceremonies in New York City.
His All Holiness Bartholomew has
spoken and written widely on the environmental crisis. As early as
1992, he proposed to the heads of all Orthodox Churches that September 1
of each year be set as a special day of prayer for the environment. He
has said, “We cannot expect to leave no trace on the environment.
However, we must choose either to make it reflect greed and ugliness or
to use it in such a way that its beauty shows God’s handiwork through
ours.”
VI. The Ecumenical Patriarch as Ecumenical Leader
Together
with His Holiness Pope John Paul II, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew
has affected unparalleled progress toward reconciliation of the Roman
Catholic and Orthodox Christian Churches. He was a member of the Faith
and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches for 15 years –
eight of which he served as president – and was elected a member of the
Executive and Central Committees of the Council.
These, together with his
untiring efforts on behalf of religious freedom and human rights, have
placed Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew among the world’s foremost
apostles of love, peace and reconciliation, and justice for humanity and
all of creation.
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