Ecclesiastic worship has its own
order, i.e., the sum of ritual formalities that
govern it. “Typikon” (Greek=formal) is the name of the special liturgical
manual which provides the outline and the structure of the Church’s worship,
according to how the holy Fathers had formulated it over the centuries. With
its established “order” and liturgical unity, the Orthodox ideology was
preserved successfully - despite all the circumstantial readjustments and local
particularities, i.e., the natural flow of events that were observed in the
past - thus enriching the liturgical act and also fending off the various
cacodoxies and confronting the various heresies. However, the development of
ecclesiastic worship took place organically, with an inner order and
consistency, without its unity being disrupted. New elements resemble the
branches of a tree, which may spread out but still allow for its unimpeded
growth. So it is with Orthodoxy, where the Slav-speaking Churches observe the
order of the “Holy Monastery of Jerusalem” (of Saint Savvas), while the
Hellenic-speaking ones are based –mainly- on the order of the Great Church of
Christ (in Constantinople), of the Holy Studite Monastery. This difference in
the order observed does not disrupt the unity of Orthodox worship. The
liturgical structure is specific, and is common to all Orthodox Churches, as
one can discern in an inter-Orthodox Divine Liturgy.
Various liturgical forms had already appeared, as early as
ancient Christian times (the “Eastern” form: Alexandrian, Antiochian or Syrian
and Byzantine; the “Western” form: African, Roman, Paleo-Hispanic or
Mozarabian, Ambrosian, Paleo-Gallic, Celtic, etc.). The expulsion of all the
heresies that had arisen during the Church’s historical course had also
contributed towards the appearance of local differences, but in a spirit of
freedom. This is why the various liturgical forms are useful for discovering
and verifying the liturgical evolution of the local Churches, as well as their
interaction within the framework of the unity of the Orthodox Faith.
One landmark in the evolution of ecclesiastic worship was
the era of Constantine the Great, with the inauguration of Constantinople-New
Rome (in 330 A.D.) which opened up new, cosmogonic perspectives. The
development of every area of ecclesiastic life (=the work of the holy Fathers)
had an organic continuance, without this meaning in the slightest a “falling
away from primeval Christianity”. The post-313 victory over idolatry gave birth
to a universal feeling and theology of “victory” and triumph, which permeated
even the very structures of worship. Its development went hand-in-hand with the
Synodic formulation of the Triadic Dogma, the cultivation of theological
letters, the organizing of monasticism, the erecting of a multitude of temples
etc. With a slow but steady pace, the particularities of worship were minimized
and ecumenical forms appeared, based on a stable and unchanging core, which
assimilated and united all local particularities. The fruits of these
developments are the varying architectural forms of temples, the development of
liturgical cycles (daily, weekly, annual), and the addition of new feast-days
and services. These developments are chronologically classified as follows: the
4th and 5th centuries are discerned for the vast
liturgical flourishing and the profound changes in worship; in the 6th
and 7th centuries, the various forms are stabilized; in the 8th
and 9th centuries, the final, “Byzantine form” is established,
which, after the 14th and 15th centuries (Hesychasm,
Symeon of Thessaloniki), led to the liturgical order that continues to apply to
this day.
The “Byzantine form” of Ecclesiastic Worship was reached
through Monasticism, which comprises the authentic continuation of the
ecclesiastic community and the permanent safeguarding of the purity and the
witness of ecclesiastic living. Throughout the ages, it was Monasticism that
preserved the eschatological conscience, through its fending off of
secularization. This is why its impact on the Church’s course has proven to be
not only definitive, but also beneficial.
Monasticism incorporated worship into its ascetic labors,
putting a special emphasis on prayer and, through the “Prayer”, turned its
entire life into worship. Monasticism cultivated and enriched the liturgical
act, by offering the Church Her liturgical “order” and practically all of Her
hymnographical, musical and artistic wealth.
Following Monasticism’s victory and the end of the
Iconomachy issue (9th century), the monastic “form” was passed on to
the secular dioceses as well, and this “form” was to eventually prevail
throughout the Orthodox Church. The monasteries cultivated the main structural elements
of Orthodox worship; also its hymnography (poetry) and its music, and it is in
them, that the truth is preserved to this day: that worship is not just
“something” in the life of Orthodoxy, but that it is the very center and the
source of renovation and sanctification of every aspect of our life.
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